Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2024, 60(2): 157-185 | DOI: 10.13060/csr.2023.012

Violence, Bias and People with Disabilities: An Introduction to Disablist Hate Crime Research

Václav Walach ORCID...
In IUSTITIA, Praha / Fakulta sociálních studií, Ostravská univerzita

Violence against disabled people has recently been recognised as an important, albeit neglected research topic. Drawing attention to violence motivated by anti-disability bias, this article offers an introduction to research on disablist hate crime. First, it presents a conceptualisation of hate crime and explains such concepts as disablism and ableism. Second, it discusses the concept of disability/disablist hate crime and analyses four areas that reflect the multifaceted nature of disability hate crime research and the social applications of the concept, ranging from conceptual issues to empirical findings, to political implications. These issues are: (1) vulnerability (a strongly criticised belief that people with disabilities are susceptible to victimisation because of 'their' disabilities); (2) invisibility (the under-representation of disablist violence in police statistics); (3) risk (individual and social factors that produce situational vulnerabilities to disablist hate crime); and (4) intervention (measures suggested to prevent disablist hate crime, including the hate crime legislation). Possible future directions of research are outlined in the conclusion.

Keywords: disability, violence, disablist hate crime, disablism, ableism

Received: August 12, 2021; Revised: January 11, 2023; Accepted: January 16, 2023; Prepublished online: January 20, 2023; Published: May 16, 2024  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Walach, V. (2024). Violence, Bias and People with Disabilities: An Introduction to Disablist Hate Crime Research. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 60(2), 157-185. doi: 10.13060/csr.2023.012
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Alhaboby, Z. A., al-Khateeb, H. M., Barnes, J. a Short, E. (2016). 'The language is disgusting and they refer to my disability': The cyberharassment of disabled people. Disability & Society, 31(8), 1138-1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2016.1235313 Go to original source...
    2. Alhaboby, Z. A., Barnes, J., Evans, H. a Short, E. (2019). Cyber-victimization of people with chronic conditions and disabilities: A systematic review of scope and impact. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(3), 398-415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017717743 Go to original source...
    3. Alhaboby, Z. A., al-Khateeb, H. M., Barnes, J., Jahankhani, H., Pitchford, M., Conradie, L. a Short, E. (2021). Cyber-disability hate cases in the UK: The documentation by the police and potential barriers to reporting. In H. Jahankhani, A. Jamal a S. Lawson (eds.), Cybersecurity, privacy and freedom protection in the connected world (s. 123-133). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68534-8_8 Go to original source...
    4. Balderston, S. (2013a). Victimized again? Intersectionality and injustice in disabled women's lives after hate crime and rape. Advances in Gender Research, 18(Part A), 17-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1529-2126(2013)000018A005 Go to original source...
    5. Balderston, S. (2013b). After disablist hate crime: Which interventions really work to resist victimhood and build resilience with survivors. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 177-192). Routledge.
    6. Barnes, C. (2010). A brief history of discrimination and disabled people. In L. J. Davies (ed.), The disability studies reader (s. 20-32). Routledge.
    7. Barnes, C. (2020). Understanding the social model of disability: Past, present and future. In N. Watson a S. Vehmas (eds.), Routledge handbook of disability studies (2nd ed.) (Pp. 14-31). Routledge. Go to original source...
    8. Bê, A. (2019). Ableism and disablism in higher education: The case of two students living with chronic illnesses. ALTER, European Journal of Disability Research, 13(3), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alter.2019.03.004 Go to original source...
    9. Borowska-Beszta, B. (2020). Amputation of disability as hate speech pattern in Poland. In M. Sherry, T. Olsen, J. Solstad Vedeler a J. Eriksen (eds.), Disability hate speech. Social, cultural and political contexts (s. 166-175). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201813-11 Go to original source...
    10. Burch, L. (2018). 'You are a parasite on the productive classes': Online disablist hate speech in austere times. Disability & Society, 33(3), 392-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1411250 Go to original source...
    11. Burch, L. (2021). Understanding disability and everyday hate. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86818-5 Go to original source...
    12. Campbell, F. K. (2009a). Contours of ableism. The production of disability and abledness. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230245181 Go to original source...
    13. Campbell, F. K. (2009b). Disability harms: Exploring internalized ableism. In C. A. Marshall, E. Kendall, M. E. Banks a R. M. S. Gover (eds.), Disabilities: Insights from across fields and around the world. Volume 1. The experience: Definitions, causes, and consequences (s. 19-33). Praeger Publishers.
    14. Clement, S., Brohan, E., Sayce, L., Pool, J. a Thornicroft, G. (2011). Disability hate crime and targeted violence and hostility: A mental health and discrimination perspective. Journal of Mental Health, 20, 219-225. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.579645 Go to original source...
    15. Dammeyer, J. a Chapman, M. (2018). A national survey on violence and discrimination among people with disabilities. BMC Public Health, 18(article no. 355). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5277-0 Go to original source...
    16. Davies, L. (2020). Disability under austerity. Do some forms of political rhetoric constitute disability hate speech? In M. Sherry, T. Olsen, J. Solstad Vedeler a J. Eriksen (eds.), Disability hate speech. Social, cultural and political contexts (s. 176-187). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201813-12 Go to original source...
    17. Doherty, G. (2020). Prejudice, friendship and the abuse of disabled people: An exploration into the concept of exploitative familiarity ('mate crime'). Disability & Society, 35(9), 1457-1482. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1688646 Go to original source...
    18. Dwyer, P. (2022). Violence. A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198831730.001.0001 Go to original source...
    19. Emerson, E. a Roulstone. A. (2014). Developing an evidence base for violent and disablist hate crime in Britain: Findings from the life opportunities survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(17), 3086-3104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514534524 Go to original source...
    20. Fetzer, M. D. a Pezzella, F. S. (2019). The nature of bias crime injuries: A comparative analysis of physical and psychological victimization affects. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(18), 3864-3887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672940 Go to original source...
    21. Forster, S. a Pearson, A. (2020). 'Bullies Tend to be Obvious': Autistic Adults Perceptions of Friendship and the Concept of 'Mate Crime'. Disability & Society, 35(7), 1103-1123. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1680347 Go to original source...
    22. FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights). (2015). Equal protection for all victims of hate crime - the case of people with disabilities. Publications Office for the European Union.
    23. Garland, J. a Chakraborti, N. (2012). Divided by a common concept? Assessing the implications of different conceptualizations of hate crime in the European Union. European Journal of Criminology, 9(1), 38-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370811421645 Go to original source...
    24. Garland, J. a Funnell, C. (2016). Defining hate crime internationally: Issues and conundrums. Pp. 15-30 in J. Schweppe a M. Walters (eds.). The globalisation of hate. Internationalising hate crime? Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198785668.003.0002 Go to original source...
    25. Giannasi, P. (2015). The narrative for change: How disability became included in UK hate crime policy. In R. Shah a P. Giannasi (eds.), Tackling disability discrimination and disability hate crime. A multidisciplinary guide (s. 54-68). Jessica Kingsley.
    26. Goodley, D. (2011). Disability studies. An interdisciplinary introduction. Sage Publications.
    27. Goodley, D. (2014). Dis/ability studies: Theorising disablism and ableism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203366974 Go to original source...
    28. Goodley, K. a Runswick-Cole, K. (2011). The Violence of Disablism. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33(4), 602-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01302.x Go to original source...
    29. Grattet, R. a Jenness, V. (2001). Examining the boundaries of hate crime law: Disabilities and the dilemma of difference. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 91(3), 653-698. https://doi.org/10.2307/1144301 Go to original source...
    30. Hague, G., Thiara, R. a Mullender, A. (2011). Disabled women and domestic violence: Making the links, a national UK study. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18(1), 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2010.509040 Go to original source...
    31. Hall, E. (2018). A critical geography of disability hate crime. Area, 51(2), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12455 Go to original source...
    32. Hall, N. (2013). Hate crime (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781843926221 Go to original source...
    33. Hall, N. (2015). Understanding hate crimes: Sociological and criminological perspectives. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi a J. G. D. Grieve (eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (s. 69-80). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988-7 Go to original source...
    34. Hanisch, H. (2015). How to understand violence against disabled people. In T. Shakespeare (ed.), Disability research today. International perspectives (s. 93-111). Routledge.
    35. Hardy, S. a Chakraborti, N. (2018). Hate crimes. In P. Carlen a L. A. França (eds.), Alternative criminologies (s. 252-267). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315158662-16 Go to original source...
    36. Hartmann, E. (2017). Violence: Constructing an emerging field of sociology. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 11, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.623 Go to original source...
    37. Healy, J. C. (2020). 'It spreads like a creeping disease': experiences of victims of disability hate crimes in austerity Britain. Disability & Society, 35(2), 176-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1624151 Go to original source...
    38. Healy, J. (2022). An exposition of sexual violence as a method of disablist hate crime. In I. Zempi a J. Smith (eds.), Misogyny as hate crime (s. 178-194). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003023722-9 Go to original source...
    39. Holness, W. (2021). Hate crime based on disability in South Africa: Lessons for law reform. SA Crime Quarterly, 20(70), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2021/vn70a5597 Go to original source...
    40. Home Office. (2018). Hate crime, England and Wales, 2017/18. Home Office.
    41. Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Jones, L., Wood, S., Bates, G., Eckley, L., … A. Officer. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence against adults with disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The Lancet, 379(9826), 1621-1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61851-5 Go to original source...
    42. Chakraborti, N. (2010). Crimes against the 'Other': Conceptual, operational and empirical challenges for hate studies. Journal of Hate Studies, 8(1), 9-28. https://doi.org/10.33972/jhs.66 Go to original source...
    43. Chakraborti, N. (2015). Framing the boundaries of hate crime. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi a J. G. D. Grieve (eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (s. 13-23). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988-2 Go to original source...
    44. Chakraborti, N. a Garland, J. (2015). Hate crime-impact, causes and responses (2nd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473918108 Go to original source...
    45. Iudici, A. a Girolimetto, R. (2020). The role of public places in disability hate crimes (DHCs). In V. Ceccato a M. K. Nalla (eds.), Crime and fear in public places (s. 125-141). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429352775-8 Go to original source...
    46. Jenness, V. a Grattet, R. (2004). Making hate a crime: From social movement to law enforcement. Russell Sage Publications.
    47. Jones, L., Bellis, M. A., Wood, S., Hughes, K., McCoy, E., Eckley, L., … A. Officer. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The Lancet, 380(9845), 899-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60692-8 Go to original source...
    48. Kalibová, K. (2017). Trestná činnost z nenávisti de lege lata a de lege ferenda - některé hmotněprávnî aspekty [Disertačnî práce]. Masarykova univerzita.
    49. Kodymová, P. a Vlčko, P. (2014). Probace a domácî násilî na jedincîch se zdravotnîm postiženîm. Fórum sociálnî práce, 1(2), 88-94.
    50. Kolářová, K. (2012). Tělesná jinakost, ne/způsobilost, 'postiženî', hendikep… K politice překladu a tereotickému vymezenî pojmů. In K. Kolářová (ed.), Jinakost - postiženî - kritika: společenské konstrukty nezpůsobilosti a hendikepu (s. 41-63). Sociologické nakladatelstvî (SLON).
    51. Kolářová, K. (2014). (Ne)přizpůsobeni krizi, nezpůsobilí občanství? "Postižení" a "rasa" v diskurzech krize. Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum, 15(2), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.13060/12130028.2014.15.2.130 Go to original source...
    52. Kolářová, K. a Herza, F. (2019). Ne/způsobilost jako nová kategorie sociálních věd. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 55(5), 549-559.
    53. Kolářová, K. a Herza, F. (2021). Engineering socialist integration in the age of normalisation: Roma and people with disabilities as objects of care in socialist Czechoslovakia. In K. Kolářová a M. Winkler (eds.), Re/imaginations of disability in state socialism. Visions, promises, frustrations (s. 167-214). Campus Verlag.
    54. Krhutová, L. a Sochor, T. (2012). Zpráva o výsledcîch dotaznîkového šetřenî: Projevy a formy diskriminace osob se zdravotnîm postiženîm. Národnî rada osob se zdravotnîm postiženîm ČR.
    55. Krnjacki, L., Emerson, E., Llewellyn, G. a Kavanagh, A. M. (2016). Prevalence and risk of violence against people with and without disabilities: Findings from an Australian population based study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 40(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12498 Go to original source...
    56. Krook, M. L. (2020). Violence against women in politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088460.001.0001 Go to original source...
    57. KVOP (Kancelář veřejného ochránce práv). (2020). Jak mluvit a psát o lidech a s lidmi s postižením. Veřejný ochránce práv.
    58. Levin, J. (2013). Disablist violence in the US: Unacknowledged hate crime. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 95-105). Routledge.
    59. Macdonald, S. (2015). 'Community fear and harassment': Learning difficulties and hate crime incidents in the north-east of England. Disability & Society, 30(3), 353-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1009000 Go to original source...
    60. Macdonald, S. J., Donovan, C. a Clayton, J. (2017). The disability bias: Understanding the context of hate in comparison with other minority populations. Disability & Society, 32(4), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1304206 Go to original source...
    61. Macdonald, S., Donova, C. a Clayton, J. (2021). 'I may be left with no choice but to end my torment': Disability and intersectionalities of hate crime. Disability & Society, online first. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1928480 Go to original source...
    62. Mailhot Amborski, A., Bussieres, E., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. a Joyal, C. C. (2021). Sexual violence against persons with disabilities: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, online first. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838021995975 Go to original source...
    63. Mason-Bish, H. (2013). Conceptual issues in the construction of disability hate crime. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 11-24). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988-3 Go to original source...
    64. Mason-Bish, H. (2015). Beyond the silo: rethinking hate crime and intersectionality. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi a J. G. D. Grieve (eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (s. 24-33). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988-3 Go to original source...
    65. Mason-Bish, H. (2018). Creating ideal victims in hate crime policy. In M. Duggan (ed.), Revisiting the 'ideal victim': Developments in critical victimology (s. 43-62). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447339151.006 Go to original source...
    66. McCarthy, M. (2017). 'What kind of abuse is him spitting in my food?': Reflections on the similarities between disability hate crime, so-called 'mate' crime and domestic violence against women with intellectual disabilities. Disability & Society, 32(4), 595-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1301854 Go to original source...
    67. McDevitt, J. a Iwama, J. A. (2016). Challenges in measuring and understanding hate crime. In B. M. Huebner, T. S. Bynum (eds.), The handbook of measurement issues in criminology and criminal justice (s. 131-155). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118868799.ch7 Go to original source...
    68. McGowan, J. a Elliott, K. (2019). Targeted violence perpetrated against women with disability by neighbours and community members. Women's Studies International Forum, 76(102270). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102270 Go to original source...
    69. McMahon, B. T., West, S. L., Lewis, A. N., Armstrong, A. J., a Conway, J. P. (2004). Hate crimes and disability in America. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 47(2), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/00343552030470020101 Go to original source...
    70. Mikton, C., Maguire, H. a Shakespeare, T. (2014). A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to prevent and respond to violence against persons with disabilities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(17), 3207-3226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514534530 Go to original source...
    71. Miller, P., Parker, S. a Gillinson, S. (2004). Disablism. How to tackle the last prejudice. Demos.
    72. Mostert, M. P. (2020). Stereotypes fomenting hate: Perceptions, stigma, and real-world consequences for Africans with disabilities. In M. Sherry, T. Olsen, J. Solstad Vedeler a J. Eriksen (eds.), Disability hate speech. Social, cultural and political contexts (s. 150-165). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201813-10 Go to original source...
    73. Nario-Redmond, M. (2020). Ableism: The causes and consequences of disability prejudices. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119142140 Go to original source...
    74. Nario-Redmond, M., Kemerling, A. a Silverman, A. (2019). Hostile, benevolent, and ambivalent ableism: contemporary manifestations. Journal of Social Issues, 75(3), 726-756. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12337 Go to original source...
    75. Nixon, J. (2009). Domestic violence and women with disabilities: Locating the issue on the periphery of social movements. Disability & Society, 24(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802535709 Go to original source...
    76. Novosad, L. (2001). Formy a zdroje násilî páchaného na lidech s postiženîm. Speciálnî pedagogika, 11(3), 137-142.
    77. ODIHR (Office for Demoractic Institutions and Human Rights). (2016, 19. prosince). Hate crime against people with disabilities. OSCE.org. Staženo 19. prosince 2022 z https://www.osce.org/odihr/hate-crime-against-people-with-disabilities.
    78. ODIHR. (2019, 11. ledna). Hate Crime Data Now Available! OSCE.org. Staženo 11. ledna 2023 z https://hatecrime.osce.org/disability-hate-crime?year=2019
    79. Osman, R. a Porkertová, H. (2020). 'Upoután vozíkový': absence zdvořilé nevšímavosti jako bariéra při pohybu prostorem uživatelů a uživatelek elektrických vozíků. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 56(1), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.004 Go to original source...
    80. Perry, B. (2001). In the name of hate: Understanding hate crimes. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203905135 Go to original source...
    81. Perry, B. (2009). The sociology of hate: Theoretical approaches. In B. Levin (ed.), Hate crimes volume I: Understanding and defining hate crime (s. 55-76). Praeger. Go to original source...
    82. Perry, B. (2015). Exploring the community impacts of hate crime. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi a J. G. D. Grieve (eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (s. 47-58). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988-5 Go to original source...
    83. Perry, J. (2013). The wrong war? Critically examining the 'fight against disability hate crime'. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 40-51). Routledge.
    84. Perry, J. (2016). A shared global perspective on hate crime? Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(6), 610-626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403415601473 Go to original source...
    85. Peršak, N. (2022). Criminalising hate crime and hate speech at EU level: Extending the list of eurocrimes under Article 83(1) TFEU. Criminal Law Forum, 33(2), 85-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-022-09440-w Go to original source...
    86. Piggott, L. (2011). Prosecuting disability hate crime: A disabling solution? People, Place & Policy Online, 5(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.3351/ppp.0005.0001.0003 Go to original source...
    87. Poposka, Ž. (2017). Hate crime on ground of disability - Macedonian case. In Conference on hate crimes in South-East Europe, Sarajevo, 8 November 2016 (s. 117-134). University of Sarajevo.
    88. Porkertová, H. (2021). 'Almost equal': Confronting norms and normality in experiencing visual disability. Critical Sociology, 47(7-8), 1331-1347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920520945364 Go to original source...
    89. Quarmby, K. (2008). Getting away with murder. Disabled people's experiences of hate crime in the UK. Scope.
    90. Ralph, S., Capewell, C. a Bonnet, E. (2016). Disability hate crime: Persecuted for difference. British Journal of Special Education, 43(3), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8578.12139 Go to original source...
    91. Reeve, D. (2020). Psycho-emotional disablism: The missing link? In N. Watson a S. Vehmas (eds.), Routledge handbook of disability studies (2nd ed.) (s. 102-116). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429430817-8 Go to original source...
    92. Richardson, L., Beadle-Brown, J., Bradshaw, J., Guest, C., Malovic, A. a Himmerich, J. (2016). 'I felt that I deserved it'-experiences and implications of disability hate crime. Tizard Learning Disability Review, 21(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-03-2015-0010 Go to original source...
    93. Roulstone. A. (2019). Disabled people, hate crime and citizenship. In B. Watermayer, J. McKenzie a L. Swartz (eds.), The Palgrave handbook of disability and citizenship in the global South (s. 339-358). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74675-3_23 Go to original source...
    94. Roulstone, A. a Mason-Bish, H. (2013). Disability, hate crime and violence. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 1-7). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203104460 Go to original source...
    95. Roulstone, A. a Sadique, K. (2013). Vulnerable to misinterpretation: Disabled people, 'vulnerability', hate crime and the fight for legal recognition. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 11-24). Routledge. Go to original source...
    96. Roulstone, A., Thomas, P. a Balderston, S. (2011). Between hate and vulnerability: Unpacking the British criminal justice system's construction of disablist hate crime. Disability & Society, 26(3), 351-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.560418 Go to original source...
    97. Schweppe, J. (2021). What is a hate crime? Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1902643. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1902643 Go to original source...
    98. Schweppe, J. a Walters, M. A. (eds.). (2016). The globalization of hate. Internationalizing hate crime? Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198785668.001.0001 Go to original source...
    99. Shakespeare, T. (2014). Disability rights and wrongs revisited (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315887456 Go to original source...
    100. Sherry, M. (2003). Don't ask, tell or respond: Silent acceptance of disability hate crimes. Disabled Women's Network Ontario.
    101. Sherry, M. (2010). Disability hate crimes: Does anyone really hate disabled people? Ashgate.
    102. Sherry, M. (2013). International perspectives on disability hate crime. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (Pp. 80-91). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1529-2126(2013)000018A006 Go to original source...
    103. Sherry, M. (2014). Feminist reflections on disability hate crime. Gendered Perspectives on Conflict and Violence: Part A, 18A, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1529-2126(2013)000018A006 Go to original source...
    104. Sherry, M. a Neller, A. (2016). Intellectual disability, stigma, and hate crimes. In K. Scior a S. Werner (eds.), Intellectual Disability and Stigma. Stepping Out of the Margins (s. 111-126). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52499-7_8 Go to original source...
    105. Sherry, M. a Amoate, S. (2020). Hate speech by carers. Exploring an Australian case. In M. Sherry, T. Olsen, J. Solstad Vedeler a J. Eriksen (eds.), Disability hate speech. Social, cultural and political contexts (s. 188-204). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201813-13 Go to original source...
    106. Sin, C. H. (2013). Making disablist hate crime visible: Addressing the challenges of improving reporting. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 147-165). Routledge.
    107. Sin, C. H. (2014). Using a 'layers of influence' model to understand the interaction of research, policy and practice in relation to disablist hate crime. In N. Chakraborti, J. Garland (eds.), Responding to hate crime: The case for connecting policy and research (s. 99-112). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447308768.003.0008 Go to original source...
    108. Sin, C. H. (2015). Hate crime against people with disabilities. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi a J. G. D. Grieve (eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime (s. 193-206). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203578988-17 Go to original source...
    109. Sin, C. H. (2018). Researching hate crime against disabled people - working through ethical considerations when the 'personal is political'. In R. Iphofen a M. Tolich (eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research ethics (s. 322-338). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526435446.n22 Go to original source...
    110. Sin, C. H., Hedges, A., Cook, C., Mguni, N. a Comber, N. (2009). Disabled people's experience of targeted violence and hostility. Office for Public Management.
    111. Sležková, A. a Pastorek, Š. (2022). Hlasy pro spravedlnost: Oběti trestných činů s postižením v České republice. Fórum pro lidská práva.
    112. Smith, M. (2015). Disability hate crime - a call for action. In R. Shah a P. Giannasi (eds.), Tackling disability discrimination and disability hate crime: A multidisciplinary guide (s. 36-53). Jessica Kingsley.
    113. Strnadová, I. (2015). 'My sister won't let me.' Issues of control over one's own life as experienced by older women with intellectual disabilities. In T. Shakespeare (ed.), Disability research today. International perspectives (s. 166-181). Routledge.
    114. Swain, J., French, S. a Cameron, C. (2003). Controversial issues in a disabling society. Open University Press.
    115. Synek, M. (2018). Perfect etiquette: On diplomatically arguing with members. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 5(1), 25-49. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.5.1.500 Go to original source...
    116. Šumskienė, E. (2017). Disability hate crime: The overlooked consequence of the deinstitutionalization of care. Socialinė Teorija, Empirija, Politika Ir Praktika, 15(1), 70-79. https://doi.org/10.15388/STEPP.2017.15.10810 Go to original source...
    117. Taylor, S. (2017). The challenges of disablist hate crime. In A. Haynes, J. Schweppe a S. Taylor (eds.), Critical perspectives on hate crime. Contributions from the Island of Ireland (s. 209-232). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52667-0_11 Go to original source...
    118. Temple, J. B., H. Wong., A. Ferdinand, S. Avery, Y. Paradies, M. Kelaher. (2020). "Physical violence and violent threats reported by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with a disability: Cross sectional evidence from a nationally representative survey." BMC Public Health 20, 1752, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09684-4. Go to original source...
    119. Thomas, C. (1999). Female forms: Experiencing and understanding disability. Open University Press.
    120. Thomas, P. (2013). Hate crime or mate crime? Disablist hostility, contempt and ridicule. In A. Roulstone a H. Mason-Bish (eds.), Disability, hate crime and violence (s. 135-146). Routledge.
    121. Thorneycroft, R. (2017). Problematising and reconceptualising 'vulnerability' in the context of disablist violence. In N. L. Asquith, I. Barthowiak-Théron a K. A. Roberts (eds.), Policing encounters with vulnerability (Pp. 27-45). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51228-0_2 Go to original source...
    122. Thorneycroft, R. (2020). Reimagining disablist and ableist violence as abjection. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429347887 Go to original source...
    123. Thorneycroft, R. a Asquith, N. L. (2015). The dark figure of disablist violence. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 54(5), 489-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12147 Go to original source...
    124. Thorneycroft, R. a Asquith, N. L. (2019). Cripping criminology. Theoretical Criminology, online first. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619877697 Go to original source...
    125. Thorneycroft, R. a Asquith, N. L. (2021). Unexceptional violence in exceptional times: Disablist and ableist violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 10(2), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.1743 Go to original source...
    126. Tyson, J. (2020). Disablist hate crime: A scar on the conscience of the criminal justice system? In J. Tapley a P. Davies (eds.), Victimology. Research, policy and activism (s. 185-212). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42288-2_8 Go to original source...
    127. Tyson, J., Giannasi, P. a Hall, N. (2015). Johnny come lately? The international and domestic policy context of disability hate crime. In R. Shah a P. Giannasi (eds.), Tackling disability discrimination and disability hate crime: A multidisciplinary guide (s. 20-35). Jessica Kingsley.
    128. Tyson, J. a Hall, N. (2015). Perpetrators of disability hate crime. In R. Shah a P. Giannasi (eds.), Tackling disability discrimination and disability hate crime: A multidisciplinary guide (s. 69-87). Jessica Kingsley.
    129. US Department of Justice. (2020). FBI releases 2019 hate crime statistics. Justice.gov Staženo 20. července 2021 z https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/hate-crime-statistics
    130. Vedeler, J. S., Olsen, T. a Eriksen, J. (2019). Hate speech harms: A social justice discussion od disabled Norwegians' experiences. Disability & Society, 34(3), 368-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2018.1515723 Go to original source...
    131. Vitale, A. (2017). End of policing. Verso.
    132. Walach, V., Petruželka, B. a Kalibová, K. (2020). Násilî a předsudečné násilî proti lidem se zdravotnîm postiženîm z pohledu organizacî pracujîcîch s touto cîlovou skupinou. In IUSTITIA.
    133. Walach, V., Petruželka, B. a Kalibová, K. (2022). Zkušenosti lidî se zdravotnîm postiženîm s násilîm a předsudečným násilîm. Factsheet z kvantitativnîho výzkumu. In IUSTITIA.
    134. Walby, S. (2012). Violence and society: Introduction to an emerging field of sociology. Current Sociology, 61(2), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392112456478 Go to original source...
    135. Waxman, B. F. (1991). Hatred: The unacknowledged dimension in violence against disabled people. Sexuality and Disability, 9(3), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102392 Go to original source...
    136. Wilkin, D. (2020). Disability hate crime. Experiences of everyday hostility on public transport. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28726-9 Go to original source...
    137. Williams, M. a Tregidga, J. (2013). Time for justice. Race Equality First, Cardiff University.
    138. Williams, M. a Tregidga, J. (2014). Hate crime victimization in Wales: Psychological and physical impacts across seven hate crime victim types. British Journal of Criminology, 54, 946-967. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu043 Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content